Kuta, Lombok, Indonesia

Codeswitching by: Kanom. Kuta, Lombok, Indonesia

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODS

 

Methodology is the body of knowledge that describes and analyzes method, indicating that limitation and recourses, clarifying their presupposition and consequences, and relating their potentialities to research advances (Miller, 1970: 65). In order, this chapter describes; Population and Sample, Data Collecting, and Data Analysis.

3.1.     Population and Sample

1.    Population

Population is the great group which represent generalizing target (Saville, et al. in Mahsun, 2005:28). Other opinion stated that, population is all individual to every obtained fact. According to Arikunto, (2006:130) stated that, population is the overall of research subject. Therefore, as according to accurate object, hence population in this research is the overall of the native speaker of local language (Sasak language) of “meriaq-meriku” dialect or overall of the Sasak community who use the Sasak language (Base Sasak) as first language (L1) at Kuta, Central Lombok, Pujut central Lombok regency of West Nusa Tenggara province.

Whereas, Kuta is a village with population + 4000 people divided into 14 sub villages (Dusun) in year of 2009, and it is predominated by Sasak community or Sasaknese whereas, they use Sasak language (base Sasak) as first language (mother tongue) with  “meriaq-meriku” dialect.

2.   Sample

Sample is part of area or location settlement which usage of certain language (Mahsun, 2005:72). Sample is some of member from population as an object of research (Arikunto, 2006:131). Hence, we can take several people as informant and one or several region which used the language as sample (Mahsun, 2005:29).

Overall the data in this research are sources from the informant which qualified as native speakers’ local language (Sasak language) of “meriaq-meriku” dialect. Furthermore, the technique of the researcher in gathering sample is random sampling. Where, it is the ways in gathering sample by randomize and mixes the subject in the population so that, all of subject in the population are same and has the same chance become a sample (Arikunto, 2006:134). Thereby the researcher gives same right to all subjects within this population to be sample in this research. All the subject or informant selected and specified with informant criteria in this research as bellow;

a.      Sex ; male or female

b.     Physical and mentally Healthy

c.      Age 20-65 years

d.     Minimum elementary school graduated

e.      Owning pride with their language and their language community

f.      Bilingual or multilingual

Because of in this area there are consist of 14 sub villages (Dusun) with the population + 4000 peoples in year of 2009, in order to the researcher using random sampling and taken only 30 informants, as above specification and those are represented of overall of the Sasak community (native speaker) in this place.

 

3.2.     Data Collecting

Data collecting is a systematic procedure and standard to get the data needed. The problem of study is always related to data collecting method. There are some collecting data methods that are used on a research (M. Nazir, 1985:211). The methods are; interview, documentation, observation, test, questionnaire, and rating scale (Arikunto, 2002:125-135). In this research, the researcher applies observation, audio recording and interview.

Observation method is used to gather data by analyzing the object of study and note down (note-taking) each detail of procedure that representative to variable which being discussed (Rianto, 2001:96). In this method the researcher as participant who observe the informants and participants conversation and sometimes the researcher took part in the conversation.

The researcher also has observed the Sasak community who used Sasak language (Base Sasak) with “meriaq-meriku” dialect by observe their daily interactions and sometimes took part. In this case the researcher unites with the participants or become participant within observed their chatting behavior so that he got the authentic data appropriate with data needed. According to Sudaryanto (in Anwar 2006:21) the researcher should be native speaker and the good researcher is the researcher doing the research has good mastery of the language.

 In this study, the researcher started his observation since February 2009 until September 2010, whereas during his observation the researcher always using note-taking and sometimes audio recording to in order to he got more valid data as needed.

Interview is method of data collecting whereas the researcher has contacted or conversation with speaker as guest speaker or native speaker (Mahsun, 2005:250). The researcher also used questions as preferred before (see, appendix: 4) to find out information or data from informants as respondents with the smaller amounts of respondent (Gunarwan, 2001:45). In this method researcher used note taking to write down the information from the informants according to the data needed.   

The presence of conversations between researcher and informants means the interactions between the researcher and informants. By that method the researcher got the data by using feedback technique and note taking with purposed to elicit the linguistics data of code switching among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok. Hence, the gathered are appropriated with the purposes of this research.  

3.3.     Data Analysis

After gathered the data, the next step is data analysis. In this step the researcher used the technique data analysis which Intra lingual and extra lingual match method because, it appropriated with kinds and purposes of this research.

The data gathered in this research is analyzed by the descriptive method with qualitative analysis, with is focus on directing of meaning, description, purification, and placement the data in each contexts and most used describe in words form than numeral. Besides that, overall collected possibly become keys of what has been a research.

By means of codeswitching research among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok, the researcher describe how the native speaker (Sasak community) who lived in this place are used of codeswitching in their daily life and explain about; types, and the factors that contributing to the use of it and also why it is can occur in this place as appropriated with this research target or purposes.

Kanom Kuta Lombok

Kanom (Wisuda Sarjana (S.Pd.) Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris) at Mataram University

Kanom (Wisuda Sarjana (S.Pd.) Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris) at Mataram University

Kanom Kuta Lombok

Kanom

Kanom's Thesis : Codeswitching Among The Sasak Community at Kuta Central Lombok

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

In this chapter, the researcher described and discuses about the types, and the factors  that  contribute to the use  of codeswitching  among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok.

4.1.The Types of Codeswitching

There are three types of codeswitching found in this research there are inter sentential codeswitching, intra sentential codeswitching, and tag (emblematic) switching.

Table: 3. The types of Codeswitching

No.	Types of Codeswitching	Numbers	Amounts	Percentages (%)
1	Inter sentential	(1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11) , (12), (13), (14), (15), (16)	16	15,7
2	Intra sentential	(17), (18), (19), (20), (21), (22), (23), (24), (25), (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34), (35), (36), (37), (38), (39), (40), (41), (42), (43), (44), (45), (46), (47), (48), (49), (50), (51), (52), (53), (54)	38	37,3
3	Tag (emblematic)	(55), (56), (57), (58), (59), (60), (61), (62), (63), (64), (65), (66), (67), (68), (69), (70), (71), (72), (73), (74), (75), (76), (77), (78), (79), (80), (81), (82), (83), (84), (85), (86), (87), (88), (89), (90), (91), (92), (93), (94), (95), (96), (97), (98), (99), (100), 101), (102)	48	47

(See also appendix : 1 & 2)

4.1.1.      Inter sentential Codeswitching

The Sasak community switched their source language (Base Sasak (S)) into other languages or on the contrary (i.e. Bahasa Indonesia (I), and English (E)) at sentence or clause boundaries.

I    : sebenar-n wah ngetik muq tedemkh muq wah sapern

 jagaqn muq repak mate badekh.

[actually, when I was have to typing something however I feel so sleepy then I leave it sleeping and the next I don’t know what its happen again]

K  : aku iye tekeq gawen basaq LCD eto tumplah aiq takaq glass

aneh nani keqn angenkh, muq basaqn selapuqn. Laguq ndeqn mate langsung hehehehe, laguq lamun repak keq pire jagaq kalinen.

[I’m too, my LCD’s wet because a glass of water spilled into laptop in order to it is wet overall. However it’s not directly switch off. But mine it is often fall with uncountable]

1)      I    : ngandot lalokh jagaqn. by the way, I’m forget to bring that book.

[maybe, it’s  because  I’m so sleepy. By the way, I’m forget to bring that book]

2)      K  : it doesn’t matter brother, just make it simple.

 lemaq klemaq aneh aku baetn

[it doesn’t matter brother, just make it simple. I will take it tomorrow morning]

(see LCS 18-19, Appendix 1 &2)

On the data (1) above show that they switched their first language (Base Sasak) into English in the form of sentence (switched all words into English in one clause or sentence) to change the topic in the conversation also giving information or explanation to their speaking partner. Whereas, it occur to express their apologized because they forgot to bring something (speaking partner’s book) and they try to giving a reason. However, they used Base Sasak when they talk particular topic before they have to change the topic.    

Codeswitching on (2) above show that the  Sasak community using English in the conversation to respond their speaking partner because of their speaking partner switching Base Sasak into English in the form of sentence so that, they respond it in same language and form. However, they also switched it into Base Sasak (return to their first language) after switched their first language into English. 

Mnh          : oneq keq rugi-ngkh mbeq lelah balong, rugi miyak…

mulen edaq bae..

[this morning I have loss out,  feel tired and lost our of oil etc] 

I                : oneq keq nyekenaq aku puqn. Oleqkh leq Mataram,

slow  bae tankh bemontor

muq araq tourist lampaq bae to rembitan ken onas tanaq saaq tegauq eto. Ngeraos-raoskah muq ean leq Kuta unin. melen temetakh home stay saq paling muraqn unin.

[I’m got lucky for today sir. On the way after I return from Mataram I meet with a tourist walking at Rambitan. After I have to chat with him, he ask me to looking for the cheaper home stay] 

3)      K              : what’s, he looking for the cheaper home stay?

Isin jelang atau isin pelit iku kire-kire?

[What’s, he looking for the cheaper home stay? It’s because of he is poor or stingy]

I                : nah, ye saq mindahkh. pire paling muraqn

entahm mampu uningkh?.

Muq fifty thousand unin. aneh salaq wah ini uningkh.

[I didn’t know yet,  I ask him, how much is it that you can pay for it?. He said fifty thousand. Oh my God]

(See LCS:32, Appendix: 1 & 2)

Codeswitching occurred on data above (3) show the Sasak community (participants) surprisingly because of their speaking partner information and tried to make both of jokes and humor in conversation. Whereas, they switched their first language in form of sentence (all words into English in a sentence or a clause), it also to shown their language skill to other participants in the conversation took place.

4)      (S) ndeqm     nyopir nani oaqn?®(E) Long time no see, what is your bustle?

      not you    drive   now   sir  

®(S) kelaekh     ndeqwah    gitaq-gitaqm. (LCS:68)

         long time    not yet       see     see you

[are you desisting as driver sir? Long time no see, what is your bustle? I have been long time do not see you]

They switched Base Sasak (their first language) into English in the form of a clause or sentence as on above data (4) to show that their a sense of lasting friendships each other in order to make them more closer in their friendship. The Sasak community (participants) in the conversation show that their emphatic and sympathy to their community it can be express by using codeswitching. The data above also show that the Sasak community switches both Base Sasak and English.  

  

5)       (E) that’s good idea boss, go ahead.  ®(S) sekath      tao   mauq      

                                                                   difficult      can   get     

  begawean    nani, munth ndeq  tao   peminaq   dirith.

         work (job)    now   if         not   can    make       itself

®(I) Karena    setiap intansi  rata-rata hanya  mencari

         because   every agency  most         just    looking   

    yang     sudah     berpengalaman. (LCS:116)

          which   already   experienced

[that’s good idea boss, go ahead. it is very  difficult to find the job now, if we  cannot do it. Because every agencies only looking for employment who has an experienced]

Codeswitching among the Sasak community at Kuta central Lombok as occurred above (5) show that they switched in trilingual form, whereas it occur among English (E), Base Sasak (S), and Bahasa Indonesia in single turn.

They switched it to their speaking partners (participants) to show their language skill and habitation in daily interactions. In addition, they also want to give motivation to their speaking partner, what they had been done are good job because it can reduce the unemployment numbers especially at Kuta, Central Lombok.

However, they expressed their proud to their speaking partner by codeswitching. Whereas, in English (E) show their proud, and both Base Sasak (S) and Bahasa Indonesia (I) shown their information that to share it with other participants in conversation took place especially for their speaking partner.             

6)      (E) nothing, I just walk around here.®(S)side, apek poroqm te? (LCS:153)

                                                             You    what   do         there

[nothing, I just walk around here. you, what are you doing there?]

Code switching on data above (6) in form of a clause or a sentence where, it occurred both English (E) and Base Sasak (S). Where, a sentence in English above (nothing, I just walk around here [edaq, nyekeq lampaq-lampaq wah nini]) show that they used it just for prestige and to showing their language skill to their speaking partner.    

7)      (E) don’t worry my brother.

®(S) Jah       lupaq nduengkh             bae pacu-pacu. (LCS:169)

         don’t   forget take pray for me         seriously

[don’t worry my brother. Don’t forget to take pray for me with seriously]

They used of codeswitching as above (7) to giving promise for their speaking partner by switching their first language into English in a clause or sentence. However, after switched them also showing expectation and ask to their speaking partner for always pray for them. From the data above concluded that, codeswitching occurred to expressed for giving promise and their expectation to their speaking partner, in order to both of them has expectation each other.

  

8)       (E) stop this debate please; it’s not so important for us!

®(S) Serianth raos langanth eaq   tao mauq  kepeng ngere maeh. (LCS:194)

         better     talk   the way  will  can earn   money   than   let

[stop this debate please; it’s not so important for us. Let’s we talking about the way how to earn money]

Codeswitching occurred on (8) to express their expectation to their speaking partner in the conversation to stopping the debate and suggest change with other topic. Whereas, they switched Base Sasak into English in the form of a clause or a sentence to show their language skill and for prestige to other participants who took part in  conversation. The data above has shown the Sasak community at Kuta central Lombok uses codeswitching between Base Sasak and English. Whereas, English is their third language and Base Sasak is their first language.

9)       (E) oh…yes, I get it now. ®(S) Saq  eto     kan  kenem (LCS:241)

                                                         that               mean

[oh…yes I get it now. That’s what you mean right?]

The data (9) above show that codeswitching occurred among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok to express their pretend. Whereas, in conversation they pretend that did not understand about their speaking partner mind. Besides that, it also occurs because of they want make joke or just for awakening humor and to showing their language skill to other participants and the people around them, where the conversation took place.

10)      (S) biase    iku keqn. ®(E) their family’s always 

usual    that 

make a new trouble in everyday.

®(S) Anuq unin-naq sosok laloqnaq te jolok keluargen nie keqn.

         say         appropriated      call        family    their 

®(E)The complicated family in Rentung.

®(S) brembe araq       kesosoqn? (LCS:243)

 How    there is   appropriate   

[it is their habitation. no day without problem. . What do you think, if their family called the complicated family?]

They switched their first language into English inter sentence between their first language and English to expressed language skill, also for giving information to their speaking partner who takes part in the conversation. Whereas, they switched it to conveyed their explanations about the topic that have been discussing in conversation at the time. They switched all of words into English it also used by them (Sasak community) to conveying their opinions to other participants.    

11)  (E) it’s still no planning brother, I will see it later.

®(S)Masih-kh engat      saq       uwiq          aneh.

Still    I    rember   which   yesterday   let 

ye    aran    anuq sakit  angen-kh pacu.

yes  name            sick   feel     I    true

kembeqnaq mereto      tan     robek ban   seto. (LCS:282)

why             like that    way   torn    tire   that

[it’s still  no planning brother,  I will see it later.  I’m still  remembering about my trouble yesterday. It  makes me very disappointed.  How can the tire torn like that]

Codeswitching among the Sasak community as on (11) above show that, their habitation is uses more than one language in their daily interactions in order to the effected them in language usage. They switched all words (Base Sasak) into English is to convey their explanation to speaking partner as well as a prestigious event. In addition, they switch again into their first language (Base Sasak) is to change the topic which are going to be discus at the time.   

Based on the data gathered, Codeswitching among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok also occurred between Base Sasak (S) and Bahasa Indonesia (I) beside English (E). As we knew that, Bahasa Indonesia is their second language also it as the national language (Bahasa Nasional). In addition, most of them are bilingualism which speech both of Base Sasak and Bahasa Indonesia in daily interaction; however they also often mixed it each other in single conversation or turn as the data below;

 

12)  (I) Oh… kalau masih garansi sih tidak masalah.

                 If      still   guaranty     not   problem

® (S) ndeqman enam bulan     ye? (LCS: 10)

         not yet    six     month   

[oh it doesn’t matter if it’s still in guaranty. It has  already six month yet, right?]

They switched all words (Base sasak) into Bahasa Indonesia in a clause or sentence, because at the time (in the conversation) it is more easily spoken than Bahasa Sasak. It occurs because language and situational factors; in order to they switched their first language to facilitated communication among them (participants) who took part in conversation.      

13)  (S) edaq uninaq kene yaqn jaet lapunen.  Anuq bae unin.

      No    voice    say  this   broken            just         voice

 ® (I) ini tanggung jawab kami karena   masih garansinya hahaha. (LCS:15)

          This responsible      us     because  still   guaranty

 [they have no comment about the problem . but they just say, it is my responsibilities because it is in guaranty]

Above codeswitching (13) occurred after they use Base Sasak, they switched their first language into Bahasa Indonesia with the aim to telling speaking partner about what their experienced when they has gone to serve their goods recently. It’s occurs and serve as referential function because they tell again what they hear before to their speaking partner, it switch all words in the form of sentence as exactly as he heard, it occur because it more easily to spoken at the time rather than they translate it into their first language (Base Sasak), whereas, it need much time. Hence, they use codeswitching to facilitate the communication among them.

Both of codeswitching above (data 12 and 13) occurred among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok because of language and situational factors that enable to use it. Their habitation in using more than one language in their daily communication or interaction also triggers the occurrence of codeswitching in this place, and both data above show that codeswitching not only occur in bilingual but it also occurs in trilingual form. It occurs depend on situation and condition, whereas it can be single turn or conversation.

Codeswitching among the Sasak community at Kuta central Lombok, occur in every speech events. However, it usually occurs in informal speech event than formal setting.            

14)  (E) hallo, sorry I came late my brother.®(S)Aru –nem  anang  ini?(LCS:286)

                                                                  Early   you   come  here

[hallo, sorry I came late my brother. Are you long time been here?]

They use codeswitching as on data above (14) to express their apology to friends (speaking partner) because came late. In this speech event, codeswitching occur because the topic discussion  and  for awakening humors to each other. Besides that, also supported by the situation that enable for it. They switched their first language by switching all words (Base Sasak) into English because  it more easily to spoken at the time. If they translate a sentence above (hallo, sorry I came late my brother) into their first language [ampurayang semetonkh ndeqkh aru rauh], not effective at the time, in order to they mostly switched it. Besides that, it also serves as referential function because they lack of knowledge in their language and lack of facility in subject. They can speak Base Sasak but they did not understand about the rule of it.        

15)  (E)he will go for holiday.

®(S) ye kan       uni-m     peseq-kh       baruq      K? (LCS:320)

        This right    say -you whisper-me   just now

[he will go there for holiday. That’s what you’ve whispering me just now, right K?]

One of occurrence factors of codeswitching is for awakening humor, as above data (15) show that, the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok uses it. Codeswitching above occurred between Base Sasak and English whereas they switched all words from Base Sasak into English in a clause or sentence to make some jokes.    

16)  (S) angkaq ye  tekeq   ini    kelelah –kh   ber-angan    yaq.

Because of   that    this    so tire    me   to  thought  this

 ®(E) I feel like, I am still training here. (LCS:348)

[That’s the matter it is unclear yet. I feel like, I am still training here]

Codeswitching on (16) above occurred between Base Sasak (S) and English (E) whereas, they (participants) use it in the conversation to express and share their problems to other participants. Their aim to switch all words from Base Sasak into English (I feel like, I am still training here [maraq idapkh nyekek merajah wah nini]) is to stressing  what actually happen in their mind, in order to share it to other participants in the conversation.

Based on the data gathered, among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok also found intra sentential switching as description below;

4.1.2.      Intra sentential Codeswitching

The Sasak community combined or mixed their source language (Base Sasak (S)) into other languages or on the contrary (i.e. Bahasa Indonesia (I), and English (E)) within a clause or a sentence. As found on the data gathered, and as the following description below;

17)  (S) lalongkh jauq    anang ken Mandhalika ®(E) home stay →(S)muq ®(I)

      I go         bring  to                                                                       article

 paling muraqn sataq ribu                      doang. aneh     angen.

most     cheap   two hundred thousand  just       article  mind

®(E) Very expensive pacu  aranen ®(E) home stay sini kalah-kalah®(E)

                                    true    names                             this lose-lose                 

hotel angenkh. Lalongkh jauq anang ken Tuan Salep ®(I) terus. (LCS:36)

         my mind I go          bring to                                       keep on (continue)

[I companied him to Mandalika home stay, but it is the minimum is two hundred thousand. I said it is very expensive in my mind. So I invite him into Tuan Salep’s home stay]

Within their (Sasak community), daily interaction is found that they often switched their first language (Base Sasak) to other language as occurred on (17). Whereas, found intra sentential switching for noun or noun phrase. Codeswitching occurs among Base Sasak, English, and Bahasa Indonesia by inserting word, phrase or clause in their single turn of the conversation. As on data (17), they switched by inserting English and Bahasa Indonesia in their utterance, for noun or noun phrase such home stay, very expensive, and hotel in English (E) and in Bahasa Indonesia (I) there are paling and terus. It switched by them because several factors and one of them is linguistics constraint, where it more easily spoken at the time also serves as referential function.                 

18)  (S) muq baniqn, tebengkh seket. ®(I) Terimakasih →(S)mentoqn

   article deal       I paid     fifty             thank you     article         

uningkh. Ketimbangkaq ngosong anang lauq ole ®(E) better than nothing

I said      rather than        solely    to        south

®(S) angenkh. (LCS:39)

         my mind

[it’s deal. And I got fifty thousand. I said thank you. Better than nothing]

Intra sentential switching on (18) above occurred among Base Sasak (S), Bahasa Indonesia (I) Terimakasih [tampiasih], and English (E) better than nothing [begaq-begaqn]. They had done it to make jokes also for prestige to other participants took part in conversation.

19)  (S) anuq keq gawengkh suruq            Mnh® (E) call –m  (S) baruq®(E) bro.

                      my aim     be ordered to                                 just now

 ®(S) eat®(I) bahas®(E) outline meeting ®(S) saq lemak        ken

          will      discuss                                               for tomorrow   at (on)                

 ®(I) malam ®(S) kemis,    aden         karingth   eaq ®(I) tawarin

         night           Thursday  in order to occupy     will        offered (to share)

 ®(S) leq ®(I)masyarakat.(LCS:46)

         to         society (audience, participant)

[my intension to asking Mnh to call you this time. Because we will discusses about the outline for our meeting at Wednesday night, in order to we just have to share in the audiences]

The data on (19) show that, codeswitching among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok occur among Base Sasak (S), Bahasa Indonesia (I) malam [biyan], tawarin [tanjaq], masyarakat [batur loeq]  and English (E)call-m [biyan], bro (brother)[semeton], outline meeting [saq eaqte raos ken sangkep]. While in the word call tagged letter m (call-m) which is constitute of Sasak clitic. They switched their first language into other language to make jokes and also just for prestige although it is out of language rules. 

20)  (S) yoi…side piranem eaq ®(E) come back ®(S) anang Anjani? (LCS:48)

      yes   you   when     will                                      to  

[yes, when did you will return to Anjani]

Codeswitching between Base Sasak (S) and English (E) come back [tulak] above (20) occurred in form of verb phrase (VP). Where, the verb phrase has been switched in the middle of sentence.

21)  (E) tomorrow morning ®(S) angenkh       araq     eaq ®(I) urus

                                                in my mind there is will         business

 ®(S) sekediq laguq eaq malik tulak ®(I) sih (LCS:49)

           little      but     will again return        article

[I think, tomorrow morning, because I have some business, but I return again]

Intra sentential codeswitching on (21) occurred among Base Sasak (S), Bahasa Indonesia (I) urus [gaweq], and English (E) tomorrow morning [lemaq kelemaq]. Whereas, it also in forms of noun or noun phrases, they switched first language to other language as mention above to make some jokes, or just for prestige to other participants who took part in conversation. Besides that it also because the situations at the time are enable to use it. 

22)  (S) anuq   kenen K iku, pinaq®(E) draft meeting ®(I) doang

     article  aim        that  make                                         just

®(S) juluq nani (LCS:50)

          first  now 

[K’s mean. Now, we just have to design draft meeting]

Linguistics constraints also trigger occurrence of codeswitching among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok as occur on above data (22). They switched it just for prestige although it does not appropriate as in language rules. In this case, they switched into English (draft meeting) to express that the main purposes of the topic of conversation they are going to be discuss at the time and it supported by switching their own word into Bahasa Indonesia (doang) [nggaqn], where  codeswitching occurred above is serve as expressive function. 

23)  (S) oh….aneh mento. laguq mbeq eaqm     laiq    iku, eaqm ®(E) go home

                It’ ok           but     where are you go     that  you will

 ®(S) kenenem? (LCS:57)

          your purpose

[oh… it’s ok, by the way where are you going. Are you will go home?]

Codeswitching occurred above (23) show that,  intra sentential codeswitching in form of verb phrase. Whereas, they switched their own language (Base Sasak) to English (E) go home [oleq] by inserting in the middle of sentence. It occurs between Base Sasak-English to express their aim and make some jokes to each other with the participants who took part in conversation.

   

24)  (E) hallo, how are you?®(S) mbe      taoqm       iku?. aku    niaq taoqkh.

                                              Where  your place that    I am  here  my place

anuq   Jnl   jauq ®(E) motor bike ®seto    araq tamu  eaq ngengadu.

article       bring                                  those  have guest will use it

laguq nyeken              ®(I) masih ®(I) ber ®(E) dialogue ®(S) ruenen taoh.

but    in the process of         still             article                               look      that

®(E) Ok ®(S) sudah launkh®(E) call ®(S) Adr cobaq. (LCS:92)

                          ready  latter I                                  try

[hallo, how are you. Where are you? I’m here, Jnl bring that motor bike there guest want to rent it. But he looks still dialog over there. Ok Adr, I’ll call you later]

The habitual action of people or community within using more than one language may not avoid that codeswitching occurrence among them. It also found among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok, they often mix their first language to other language in single turn or in single conversation. Codeswitching occurred above (24) among Base Sasak (S), Bahasa Indonesia (I) and English (E). Above data, show that codeswitching for noun or noun phrase and verb or verb phrase in English form. However, there also found Indonesia affixation (e.g the article ber in word ber-dialogue, which is a prefix).      

   

25)  (S) aoq pacu, kepeng ®(I) doang →(S)bis  nani keqn lamunth eaq

   yes  true  money           just            finish  now           if  we     will be

nyalon.     ye aran anuk® (I) menang karena ®(E) money politic

candidate      name                 win       because of

®(S) nani keq ®(I) calon® (S) sini, rate-ratenen mento    soaln. (LCS:99)

          Now               candidate     here  equally     like this  the problem is

[right, nowadays we have loss much money if we will be candidate. It is commonly chosen because of money politic]

The data on (25) found that, Intra sentential codeswitching for noun or noun phrase. Whereas, it occurred among Base Sasak (S), Bahasa Indonesia (I) doang[nggaqn], menang karena[mauq/jari isiq kepeng] and English (E) money politic [kadu kepeng]. They switched their own language into other language by inserting word or phrase within a clause or sentence of their first language as shown above.     

26)  (S) lemaq te ng®(E)order D. ®(S) nani keq

       tomorrow will we                              now (because)

®(E) no money ® (S) ini. (LCS:111)

                                    this (problem)

[D, tomorrow I’ll have to order. Because now I have no money]

As the data gathered found that intra sentential codeswitching for noun or noun phrases the most common form for Sasak-English and bilingualsm of the Sasak community. They switched to English as shown above (26) by inserting words or phrases in their own language to express and to show their language skill to other participants who took place in the conversation especially with speaking partner.

    

27)  (E) ok, let’s go ®(S) segerahn      ndeqwah meleng ye? (LCS:122)

                                    impossible  not yet    get up   right          

[ok, let’s go. We hope it already get up]

Codeswitching above occurred in first sentence of their first language as on above data (27). Whereas, it occurs between Base Sasak - English (ok, let’s go[aoq, nteh lampaq mento]) to respond the speaking partner invitation or to express intimate each other. Intra sentential switching above occur for verb or verb phrases.

28)  (E) hehehe that’s right  ®(S) mule iye! (LCS:124)

                                                true right (that’s right)

[that’s right]

Intra sentential switching above occurred as repetition whereas, both phrase that’s right (E) and mule iye (S) are same meaning. They switched it just for awakening humor also for prestige to other participants, which took part in the conversation.

29)  (S) laun keq keruanen,                 nyawung nyataqn®(E) team success

  later            clear (can be seen)        have action

®(S) siku. (LCS:133)

         that

[just waiting for few time the team success will have to action]

They switched own language into other language because of linguistic constraints as intra sentential switching occurred above (29) serves as referential function because it more easily to spoken at the time in  conversation. Where, above codeswitching occurred between Base Sasak - English in form of noun or noun phrase.

30)  (E) hallo, ®(S) niaq ken TPS. edaq     Smrt bae kance araq

                          here at              nothing                with  have (there is)

 dengan Rangkap endah niaq. Nyeken ®(E) check situation and condition

 people                  also    here  doing          

®(I) doang ®(S) ruen yaq. Ean ®(I) tantang ®(S) betaroq bae unin laguq

         just              look  this  will        challenge          bet               said  but

ndeqkh ntemin-teminen. oh aoq aneh mento . (LCS:144)

not I      respond                    yes       

[hallo, I am at TPS. Nothing just Smrt and there is a Rangkap’s people. He just checks situation and condition at this place only. He challenges me to bet but I denied it. Ok see you]

Codeswitching on data (30) occurred because of situational factor whereas, when they got phone in order to it. Intra sentential codeswitching above for verb or verb phrases form, whereas, it occurs among Bahasa Sasak, Base Indonesia, and English in single conversation. Because of the situation and condition which are enable it to used by them although it just for prestige to other participants who took part in conversation.    

31)  (E) hahaha, absolutely right ®(S) pacu laloqn iku (LCS:150)

                                                        true             that (absolutely right)

[absolutely right]

They switched their first language to other language as on above (31) just for awakening humor and for prestige. Whereas, intra sentential codeswitching above can serves as repetition function because both of English - Base Sasak word above are same meaning. 

32)  (S) aro…®(E) don’t worry bro, ®(S) tenang bae. (LCS:175)

      Article                                             easefully (don’t worry)      

[ok, don’t worry brother]

They switched their first language to other language as on above (32) just for awakening humor and for prestige. Whereas, intra sentential codeswitching above can serve as repetition function because both of English - Base Sasak word above are same meaning, it similar as found on data (31) above.

33)  (S) araq         ®(E) meeting ®(S)sekedik…hehehehe….®(E) ok…

 have(there is)                                little

®(I) sudah ®(E) see you later. (LCS178)

       already

[there is meeting. Ok see you later]

Codeswitching occurred above (33) is occurring among Base Sasak(S), Bahasa Indonesia (I) sudah [uwah], and English (E) meeting [sangkep] ok [aoq] see you later[aoq aneh mento] whereas, it in single turn or single conversation. Intra sentential codeswitching occurred above in form of noun or noun phrase. It occurs because of several factors and one of them is an effect of them in uses or mixed more than one language in daily interactions, beside for awakening humor, for prestige but it also linguistic constraints.

34)  (S) wahm ®(E) watching football ®(S) uiq            bian    ye? (LCS:181)

 Have (already)                                         yesterday  night  right (last night)

[did you have been watching football last night?]

Above (34) intra sentential codeswitching occurs just for awakening humor and prestige to other participants in conversation, beside that they also want to show their language skill. Whereas, they switched own language into English, it commonly occurs as constituents boundaries.   

35)  (I) maklum ®(S) saq aran ®(E) guide freelance ®(S) wah (LCS:186)

    informed          names                                                 already

[enunciated, we are freelance guide]

Codeswitching among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok as above (35) classified in intra sentential switching whereas it in form of noun or noun phrase. It occurred in first sentence switch into Bahasa Indonesia, followed by their own language (Base Sasak), again switched into English and at the end of sentence switched into own language, in order to they switched in trilingual language within single turn. 

36)  (S) aoq pacu                  Laguq,® (E) by the way what time

     yes  true (it’s true)    but

®(S) keq ini wah? (LCS:195)

          this now (right now)

[that’s right. But, by the way what time is it?]

Intra sentential codeswitching occurred by them on (36) to shifting the topic discussion. It occurred in middle of sentence their own language which form is noun phrase, but it function is to show their language skill to participants which is took part in conversation which occurred between Base Sasak - English. 

37)  (E) eat go home together ®(S) jarinen ini? (LCS:201)

                                                   would  this 

[it’s mean we’ll go home together right?]

Codeswitching between Base Sasak and English as occurred on above data (37) is to express or to show their language skill. It  also to invited other participants to use codeswitching, altogether although by inserting the words, phrases, clauses or sentence from other language to own language.

38)  (S) Talim piran,               laguq demen bedowe®(I) mobil

             formerly(before) but      when  have              car

®(S) muq ®(E) loss contact ®(S) terus kance nie.(LCS:266)

         so                                               then with    he/she (he)

[Talim before, but during he have Car he also lose contact with me]

The  data on (38) show that intra sentential switching in trilingual, among Base Sasak (S), Bahasa Indonesia (I), and English (E) in form of noun or noun phrase and adverb of phrase whereas, they switched their own language into other language to express what happen to themselves to other participants at the conversation. 

39)  (S) laguq melenen araq ®(E) basic skill  

     but     should    have

®(S) juluq   sekediq. mane-mane ®(I) ngerti

        fisrt         little      at least                 understand

®(S) carente ®(E) starter ®(I) mobil (LCS:236)

         how                                      car     

[but we should have basic skill before. Minimally understand how to switch on the car]

As on data (39) also occur on above data (38) show intra sentential switching in trilingual, among Base Sasak (S), Bahasa Indonesia (I), and English (E) in form of noun or noun phrase and adverb of phrase whereas, they switched own language into other language to express what happen to themselves and the important thing should have before done their planning whereas, it shared to other participants in conversation. 

40)  (S) piranemaq lalo®(E) be guide ®(S) side Apr? Ksm keq

      when you  go                                     you

®(E) active be guide ®(S)ye? (LCS:245)

                                           right

[when did you go to be guide Apr? Ksm is look very active as guide right?]

Codeswitching occurred above (40) show that intra sentential switching in bilinguals, it between Base Sasak (S), and English (E) in form of noun or noun phrase. Whereas, they switched own language into other language to express invitation in uses codeswitching to other participants in conversation especially for their speaking partner.

 41)  (S) lamun to Novotel keq ®(E) one by one →(S)tan  lampaq

      if                          article                                   way walk (rent)

→ (E)motor bike →(S)kance ®(I) mobil. ®(S) jari ®(I) tergantung

                                     with           car                 so            depend on

 kebutuhan ®(E) tourist  ®(S) saq mite. ®(I) teratur, tertib ®(S) wah

 need                                  who search (need)    tidy      orderly        

®(E) model-n. (LCS:254)

[if in Novotel the motor bike and car is rent one by one. So it is depend on tourist needed. The way is tidy]

Linguistic constraints also as one of several factors that codeswitching occurs among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok,  as on (41) intra sentential codeswitching occurred among Base Sasak (S), Bahasa Indonesia (I), and English (E). It can serves as phatic function because since speaking different languages is an obvious marker of deferential group membership, by switching language bilinguals or multilinguals often have the option of choosing which group to identify within a particular situation, and thus can convey the metaphorical meaning which goes along with such choice as well as whatever denotative meaning is conveyed by the code itself. They have to done it also because of their habitual action in their daily interaction within or out of their community.       

42)  (S) angkaq baruqkh ®(E) call-n →(S)nyeken ®(E) on the way  ®(S) unin.

     yes recently                                      still                                            said         

Laguq elen oneq          sih kene mento.(LCS:258)

But     still   long time       said  like that

[I have to call him recently he said still on the way. But he said like that since this afternoon]

Codeswitching occurred on (42) show that, Sasak community in this place switched first language into English by inserting words or phrase. On above data intra sentential codeswitching for verb or verb phrase and noun or noun phrase, in addition there also consist of Sasak affixes (which tag in word call become call-n whereas, the clitic -n  which is the suffix of Base Sasak). See also Saville-Troike (1989).      

43)  (E) ok, no problem ®(S) saq ®(E) big bottle ®(S) iku? (LCS:264)

                                        which                                  that   

[ok no problem but it is big bottle right?]

Intra sentential codeswitching above data (43) in form of noun or noun phrase and it occurred between Base Sasak and English. Whereas, they switched their own language into English by inserting word or phrase in their first language a clause or sentence. See also Saville-Troike (1989).

 

44)  (S) aneh mento, ®(E) thank you water

     all right

®(I)-nya. Assalumu’alaekum (LCS:274)

      

[ok see you and thanks for water. Assalumualaekum]

Above data (44) show that intra sentential codeswitching among Base Sasak, Bahasa Indonesia, and English. It also found the article –nya (I), as suffix after the word water. Its suffix has function as possessive marker in this sentence. They switched their first language to other language as mention above because of their habitation. See also Gunarwan in Saville-Troike (1989).

 

45)  (S) lamun ®(E) including everything ®(S) keq due olas ratus       unin.

   If                                                                         twelve  hundred  he said

laguq lamunaq ®(E) transport  ®(I) doang ®(S) keq baluq ratus,

but     if                                                only                     eight hundred

laguq ye saq ndenman keruan pilihanen      masih  ini,  unin.

But    it still  not yet     clear    their choice  right   now said

nani Ns ean    leq ini        ye gingkh tenaqm      leq      ini baruq. (LCS:284)

now       will   come here  that why I invite you come  here recent

[if it is including everything is one million and two hundred thousand he said. But if it is only for transport is eight hundred thousand, but is still unclear yet, Ns will come here now. That’s way I call you]

The data on (45) show intra sentential codeswitching occurred in trilingual, they switched by inserting other language into their language within a clause or sentence of their own language although it not as among language rules. This type of codeswitching can serve as phatic function. (see also Appel, 1987)

46)  (E) that’s right brother. ®(S) biase araq             ®(E) trouble

                                             usual have (there is)

®(S) sekedik. (LCS:290)

         little

[that’s right brother. I have a little bit trouble]

They switched their first language with English and it occurred in the first and inserting in the middle of their language sentence. Intra sentential codeswitching occurred above (46) is in the form of noun or noun phrase.

47)  (E) where are you going-m ®(S) iku    tuaq Oj?. Eaqm     lalo ®(E) be guide

                                                      that  uncle       will you   go

®(S) pedas     ye? (LCS:304)

          it’s true right

[where are you going, are you go be guide right?]

On (47) intra sentential codeswitching found that Sasak clitic is tagging in the word going (E) become going-m. In this case, it functions as suffix whereas; it indicated the subject marker (s.m).    

48)  (S) edaq      mule    ini ®(E) first destination–kh

    nothing  indeed  here

®(S)  maraq     unin dengan bat (LCS:322)

          like (as)  said   people  west

[nothing, here is my first destination as western people’s said]

They switched their first language into English as on data (48) above to show language skill to other participants, which are took part in this conversation. However, in the word destination is tagged by Sasak clitic (-kh) after that word and it becomes destination-kh which is suffix that indicated possessive marker (p.m).  Intra sentential codeswitching on above data in form of noun or noun phrase, whereas they switched by inserting English phrase in the middle of their own language sentence in single turn and conversation.

49)  (E) broken sandal  ®(S) saq    piran wahte     beli eto ®(E)bro (LCS: 325)

                                       which ago     have to buy  that                                     

[the sandal that I was bought is broken brother]

Intra sentential codeswitching above (49) occurred in first and last sentence of Base Sasak. Beside that it also in the form of noun or noun phrase. On above codeswitching also can serves as referential functions because the word sandal (E) always used by them (Sasak community) to switch the word lelampak in their first language (S).   

50)  (S) meriaq keq unin Snp lamun bau keqn ®(E)as soon as possible 

   like this         said         if         can     

®(S) aden        aru ®(E)clear ®(S)uninen. (LCS:328)

       In order to  quick                       said

[Snp said it as soon as possible in order to its clear soon]

Their motivate to use more than one languages in their daily interactions has affected in language usage as on data above (50) occurs intra sentential codeswitching by inserting English  word in middle of sentence their own language (Base Sasak) for noun or noun phrase. 

51)  (S) ye    saq  aran irup wah. ®(E) Sometimes lucky sometimes

      this is   name life

®(I) susah. (LCS:331)

         sad

[that is a life. Sometimes lucky sometimes sad]

Codeswitching among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok often found among Base Sasak(S), Bahasa Indonesia (I), and English. They often mix more than one languages although in single turn or conversation. It because of them is bilinguals (Base Sasak as local language (Bahasa Daerah) and Bahasa Indonesia as National language (Bahasa Nasional)). As codeswitching occurred on data above (51), it occurs in trilingual.

 

52)  (S) mbe     eleq ®(E) owner bungalow ®(S) sini? (LCS:355)

      where  from                                                this

[where is the owner of this bungalow’s come from?]

The data above (52) show that, they switched their first language by inserting English words into their own language. Its inserting English phrase in the middle of a sentence although it is not real both languages rules and it is in form of noun or noun phrase. However in this case there found the word bungalow is using by them in every speech event when they want to discuss similar topic, because of the word bungalow is easily to spoken than if they try to translate it in their first language and this type of codeswitching can serve as referential function. 

53)  (I)pantesan→(E) tourist ®(S) eaq ®(E) check out ®(S) eto? (LCS:359)

 apropriate                               will                                      that    

[that is approximately. Is that tourist will check out?]

Noun or noun phrase of intra sentential also occurred on (53) whereas; it also occurred by inserting Bahasa Indonesia word or phrase to their own language at first sentence and inserting English,  the middle of sentence to change the topic discussion.  

54)  (S) pire            ajin    udang ®(E) king prawn ®(S) nani? (LCS:364)

      how much price  prawn                                         now

[how much is the king prawn now?]

Intra sentential code switching on data above (54) occurred by inserting English word or phrase in the middle of sentence. They switched own language as shown above causes of several factors such as; for awakening humors, for prestige to show their language skill, education level, language (linguistic constraints), situation, habitation in daily interaction whereas, they often mixing more than one language into their first language. 

4.1.3.      Tag (emblematic) Codeswitching

Beside both of inter sentential and intra sentential code switching, there also tag (emblematic) switching occurred among the Sasak community at Kuta central Lombok as the data gathered. Here are the definition of Tag-switching is the switching of either a tag phrase or a word, or both, from language B to language A (Fishman, Joshua. 1967). Tag switches involve an exclamation, a tag, or parenthetical in another language then rest of sentence (Appel, 1987:118).

In this research, found that, they switched either a tag phrase or a word or both of them from their first language (Base Sasak) to another language or on the contrary (i.e. Bahasa Indonesia (I), and English (E)). It is usually in trilingual.

Furthermore, in this study the writer forms mentioned the forms of tag switching and as the data gathered found that, it is in root word. Root word is the word that not yet adding with affixes, which included free morpheme. Generally, most of languages in around the word included Base Sasak (S) has consist of four main syntaxes such as; (a) Noun, (b) Verb, (c) Adjective, and (d) Adverb. Beside among of them there is also numeral as addition of discussion as the following description below;    

1. Noun

55) 

Cigarette / ֽsІgә′ret;/ [ngodot]

maeh ®cigarette ®iku ®sebungkus ®juluq, Mnh yaqn ngodot yaq buqn. (LCS:1)

 [Mom, take me a pack of cigarette please. Here Mnh want to smoke]

The words maeh, iku, juluq, yaqn, ngodot and yaq are belong to Base Sasak (S), while the word sebungkus is belong to Bahasa Indonesia (I), and the word cigarette is belong to English (E). Within single continence, they usually mixing first language to another, it occur because of the situation that enable for it, also just for prestige. In addition, on the data (55) occurs in  trilingual form.   

56) 

e.g.

Glass /glæs/ [lomur]

aku iye tekeq gawen basaq LCD eto tumplah aiq takaq® glass

aneh nani keqn angenkh, muq basaqn selapuqn. Laguq ndeqn mate ®langsung hehehehe, →laguq lamun repak keq pire jagaq kalinen. (LCS:17)

[I’m too, my LCD’s wet because a glass of water spilled into laptop in order to it is wet overall. However it’s not directly switch off. But mine it is often fall with uncountable]

All the words are belong to Base Sasak (S), except  the langsung is belong to Bahasa Indonesia (I) and  the word glass is belong to English (E). They usually use word glass when they want to say lomur,   it because this word very familiar than word lomur, although it in own language.     

57) 

e.g.

Style /stail/ [ruen/olasen]

anuq muleq iye ®style →muenen iku keq ®lasing (LCS:41)

[that is, his face style]

They usually tagging the word style that is belong to English (E), in their first language (Base Sasak) with the main purpose is for awakening humor, as on above data (57). All words are belonging to Base Sasak (S), except the word style (E) and lasing (I).

    

58) 

e.g.

Group / gru:p / [kance]

mbe® group-m tuaq Sr? (LCS:52)

[where is your group?]

This example showing that, they interpret and translate the word group (E) into their first language (Base Sasak). It word usually using for asking friends or partners. While the function of letter –m which is tagged in word group (E) becomes group-m, is represent an affixation in form of suffix and it indicated to possessive marker (pm). Moreover, all words in the above are belonging to Base Sasak (S), except the word style that is  belong to English (E).

  

59) 

e.g.

Partner /'pα:tnә(r)/ [kance]

o… mento. ®terus ®lamun to Novotel sai jari ®partner-m? (LCS: 247)

[o…so whose your partner in Novotel?]

 The data as mention above (59) show that codeswitching among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok occurred by tagging word in their first language by switched their own language to other languages. Whereas, all of words above belong to Base Sasak, except the word terus belong to Bahasa Indonesia and the word partner belong to English. It also tagging Sasak suffix in the word partner become partner-m which indicated as possessive marker (p.m).  

60) 

e.g.

Manager /′mænІd ә(r)/ [pengejap]

iku→ datang ®manager –m ®ruen (LCS:318)

[that’s your manager’s coming]

The Sasak suffix tag in word manager (E) becomes manager –m is indicated as possessive marker (p.m). The data (60) show that, the Sasak community often switching their first language to other languages by tagging word in a clause, sentence in single turn or conversation. The Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok always use the word manager to switch their own word [pengejap] especially to call the people who have profession (work) as manger in institution such as hotel or others. However, they always use it for awakening humor (make jokes), when they use that word for other people which are not work as manager as above example.

        

61) 

e.g.

Salary /'sælәri/ [upaq]

angkaq piranaq keruan eaq jari ®salary-m ®mento? (LCS:349)

[so, when it is clear for your salary?]

Above data (61) show that, the Sasak Community at Kuta central Lombok switched their first language into English as they switch the word [upaq] from their language into English become salary-m. However, it also tagged their first language suffix –m in the word whereas it functions as possessive marker (p.m).     

    

62) 

e.g.

Assistant /ә'sІstәnt/ [panakawan/ panjak]

o….lamun ®masalah ®kepengen keq iku ketuan,® assistant ®keduenen nie ®setelah Dn. (LCS:97)

[if you want to know about his money, please ask Mnh, he is second assistant after Dn]

In daily interactions, word assistant (E) usually used to switchh word [panjak/panakawan] (S). Because of the word assistant is usually used to call the boss or rich man’s servant. Hence, it more polite than word panjak. Besides that, the speech event supported to switchover their language to other or on contrary.

63) 

e.g.

Candidate /'kændІdәt/ [bebakal]

o…nie →candidate →termuda →wiq  to (LCS:106)

[o… he is the youth candidate over there]

The topic and limitation of language usage the factors of the speaker (Sasak community) used codeswitching, as on (63) above. The word candidate is belonging to English (E), while termuda is belonging to Bahasa Indonesia (I) and others are belong to Base Sasak (S).

64) 

e.g.

Rule /ru:l/  [aweq-aweq]

ndeq,…→mule ye →rule-n (LCS:143)

[no, it is the rule]

Above data (64) showed, they (Sasak community) switched first language (Base Sasak) to English. While the letter –n which tagged in that word, represent Sasak affixation in form of suffix whereas it indicated as possessive marker (p.m). All of the words are belonging to Base Sasak, except the word rule because it is belong to English.

65) 

e.g.

Problem /'prסblәm/ [sengkale]

kembeq mentoqn…apek jari ®problem-n (LCS:158)

[what’s the problem]

Above data (65) show that, they switched their own word (Base Sasak [sengkale]) into English (problem) where, they also tagged Sasak suffix to indicated possessive in word problem (E) become problem-n. Above tag (emblematic) switching occurred between Base Sasak and English. 

66) 

e.g.

Body /bסdi/ [perane]

maraq ®body-n ®gajah. mulem jadik pade (LCS:190)

[look like elephant’s body, you are wily]

Codeswitching occurred above (66) they (Sasak community) tagging English word (body) in middle of sentence, whereas the word body usually use by them just for awakening humor as mentioned on above data. Beside that also tagged own suffix (Base Sasak) in word body (E) becomes body-n which is indicated the possessive marker (p.m).    

67) 

e.g.

Promise /prσmІs / [semayaq]

promise ®laguq aoq, jah uninnem ®doang (LCS:170)

[but it promise ok]

Codeswitching occurred above (67) is tag (emblematic) switching which (Sasak community) uses by tagging English word (promise) in first of sentence. Above data also occurs among Base Sasak, Bahasa Indonesia and English whereas, it example usually occur to express language skill to other participants in conversation.

68) 

e.g.

Playboy /'pleІbәІ/ [penine]

ye baum  saq ®playboy ®laloqn wah iku (LCS:191)

[that’s the effect of playboy man]

The word playboy (E) which tagging in the middle of sentence above (68) show that they switched their first language into English for awakening humor also for prestige to other participants, which took part in the conversation.

69) 

e.g.

Bodyguard /'bσdiga:d/ [pekasih]

uwiq-uwiq keq araq bae® channel ®nani keq edaq. Batah wiq laguq mbe jagaq lain kabur. Sugih wah nani nie keqn, ®bodyguard® bedoen. Piran keq ye doang. (LCS:225)

[I always have channels before but now nothing. Usually with Batah but when he become rich man he lose contact with me. He also have bodyguard now]

All words on above (69) are belong to Base Sasak except words kabur [nyedi], doang [nggaqn] is belong to Bahasa Indonesia, and words channel, and bodyguard is belong to English, because codeswitching occurred on above data occurs in trilingual. While word bodyguard (E) often used by them (Sasak community) to express language skill to other participants in conversation and it also for awakening humor to each other.  

70) 

e.g.

Coordinator /kәְu:dІ'tס:r/ [penjuluq]

Awnk ketuan ye jari ®coordinator (LCS:229)

[you can ask Awnk he is the coordinator]

The word coordinator (E) as on above (70) uses by them depends on situation and condition of speech event. Codeswitching occur above between Base Sasak - English whereas, all words are belong to Base Sasak except the word coordinator, which is belonging to English.  

71) 

e.g.

Money /′mΛni/ [kepeng]

isin edaq ®money ®doang ®apin ini (LCS:231)

[the problem is I have no money, now]

All words on tag (emblematic) switching (71) belong to Base Sasak except the word doang is belong to Bahasa Indonesia, and the word money is belong to English, whereas, codeswitching occurred above in trilingual form. While, word money (E) usually uses it to show language skill or maybe just for prestige and awakening humor to each other depend on speech event that enable for it.

72) 

e.g.

Driver /′draІvә(r)/ [soper]

edaq, angkaq nani celingaq doang ®driver ®siku lamun edaq® guide-n. (LCS: 234)

[nothing, in order to most of driver look confused when they have no guide]

Because of situations that enable to use codeswitching in this place in order to it cannot avoid. They often mix their language to others because the situation required to using it. Codeswitching occurred between Base Sasak - English whereas, they switched their own language (Base Sasak) into English by tagging word as on (72). While word driver (E) often switch by them to show language skill or it easily to spoken at the time hence, it used depend on speech event.

 

73) 

e.g.

Water /′wә:tә(r)/ [aiq]

araq ®water ®te Rw? (LCS:261)

[is there water Rw?]

Because of situations that enable to use codeswitching in this place in order to it cannot avoid. They often mix their language to others because of situation required to use it. Codeswitching occurred between Base Sasak - English whereas; they switched their own language (Base Sasak) into English by tagging word as on (73). While the word water (E) often switch by them to show language skill or it easily to spoken at the time hence, it used depend on speech event.

74) 

e.g.

Brother /′brΛδә(r)/ [semeton]

iku ®brother ®nyeken ®stress(LCS:289)

[he is brother, he feel stress now]

Their habitation and situation that enable to use codeswitching in this place in order to it cannot avoid. They often mix their language to others because of situation required to use it. Codeswitching occurred between Base Sasak - English whereas, they switch own language (Base Sasak) into English by tagging word as such on (74). While the word brother (E) often switched by them to show their language skill or it easily to spoken at the time hence, it used depend on speech event.

75) 

e.g.

Ticket /′tІkІt / [kercis]

anuq K ean ngenuan pire ajin ®ticket ®anang Bali. (LCS:319)

[K want to ask you how much for ticket to Bali]

The word ticket (E) as mention above (75) is very familiar to the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok. Because of it, in order to they often use it to switch their own word [kercis] in their daily interaction. Whereas, above codeswitching is occurred between Base Sasak - English which very commonly used by Sasak community at this place, it also because their habitation mixes more than one language in daily interaction.

76) 

e.g.

Sandal  /sændl/ [lelampak]

sengaqm saq ndeq kadu ®sandal ®kenengkh (LCS:323)

[I asking you like that because didn’t use sandal]

The word sandal (E) as mentioned above (76) is very familiar to the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok. Because of it in order to they often use it to switch their own word [lelampak] in their daily interaction. Whereas, codeswitching occurs between above Base Sasak - English which very commonly use by Sasak community at this place, it also because their habitation mix more than one language in their daily interaction.

77) 

e.g.

Trouble /'trΛbl/ [sengkale]

araq→ trouble →sekediq uwiq. (LCS:330)

[there have something trouble yesterday]

Tag (emblamtic) codeswitching above (77) occurred between Base Sasak and English whereas, they (Sasak community) switched their own language to other language, it usually occurs depend on speech event. It also occurs because their habitation mixes more than one language in daily interaction. Whereas, above codeswitching also to express their problem and language skill to other participants which took part in conversation.

78) 

e.g.

Owner /'әunә(r)/ [epen]

lamun saq® kamar nomor ®telu keq iku ken ®restaurant ®taoqn nyeken ®breakfast ®saq tokol ken deket ®owner ®iku (LCS:338)

[if the room number three is, here at restaurant which having breakfast who take sit near the Bungalow’s owner]

All words on data (78) are belong to Base Sasak except the word kamar nomor is belong to Bahasa Indonesia, and the word restaurant, breakfast, and owner is belong to English. Where, codeswitching occurred above in trilingual form. While, word owner (E) usually used to show language skill or may just for prestige and awakening humor each other depend on speech event that enable for it.

79) 

e.g.

Security /sІ′kjυәrәti/ [penjage]

sai jari ®security →nini (LCS:358)

[who is as security here?]

The word security (E) as mention on (79) very familiar in Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok. They often used it to switch own word [penjage] in daily interactions especially for someone which is work as security at institution. Whereas, above codeswitching is occur between Base Sasak and English which is very commonly used by the Sasak community at this place, it also because their habitation mixes more than one languages in their daily interaction.

2. Verb

80) 

e.g.

Service /'sз:vis/ [kerisaq]

mbe laim→ service? (LCS:3)

[Where do you service it?]

The word service (E) as mentioned above (80) very familiar to the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok. Because of it they often use it to switch their own word [kerisaq] in daily interaction especially to express term repair electronic tool, machine or other things. Whereas, above codeswitching is occurs between Base Sasak and English which is very commonly used by Sasak community at this place, it also because their habitation mixes more than one language in their daily interaction in order to code switching may not avoid.

81) 

e.g.

Call /cә:l/ [kuwih]

cobaq→ call Mrdn →endah→ sekali (LCS:28)

[please try to call Mrdn also]

They often switched own word [kuwih] into English (call) when they need to contact someone by phone, as codeswitching occurs on (81) whereas, they ask to their speaking partner to contact someone. Codeswitching above occurred in trilingual whereas, all word are belong to Base Sasak except word sekali which is belong to Bahasa Indonesia, and the word call is belong to English.  

82) 

e.g.

Sleeping / sli:pІŋ/ [tedem]

Alk angkat-n →baruq. Anp nyeken→ sleeping →unin.(LCS:44)

[it is answering by Alk. He said Anp is sleeping]

They often (Sasak community) switched their own word [tedem] into English (sleeping) just for prestige and awakening humor, as codeswitching occur on (82) whereas, codeswitching above occurs in trilingual whereas, all word above are belong to Base Sasak except word angkat-n which is belong to Bahasa Indonesia, and the word sleeping is belong to English.

83) 

e.g.

Check /tòi:t/ [perisaq]

anuq wah irop wah mate. laguq cobaq→ check →bae juluq (LCS:82)

[sometimes, but you should check first]

They often (Sasak community) switched own word [perisaq] into English (check) within daily interaction because this word more easily to spoken at the time, as codeswitching occurred on (83) whereas, codeswitching above occurring in bilingual where, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except the word check is belong to English.

84) 

e.g.

Breakfast /'brekfәst/ [nyampah]

aoq kanak siaq→ café →masih tendok ken →atas →mije. mbe taoq dengan eaq→ breakfast →mun merini keqn (LCS:121)

[why you are sleeping on the table it is café you know. There is no place for guests having breakfast if like this]

They often (Sasak community) switched own word [nyampah] into English (breakfast) just for prestige and awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on (84) whereas, codeswitching above occur in trilingual whereas, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except word atas which is belong to Bahasa Indonesia, and the word café and breakfast is belong to English.

85) 

e.g.

Cancel /′kænsl / [borong]

wahkh betaroq baruq muq cancel (LCS:126)

[I have to bet recent but it cancel]

They often (Sasak community) switch own word [borong] into English (cancel) just for prestige and awakening humor, as codeswitching occur on (85) where, codeswitching above occur in bilingual whereas, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except the word cancel is belong to English.

86) 

e.g.

Survey  /sә′veІ/ [gitaq/perisaq]

terus →berembe, tanaq saq wahm→ survey →kance Bdr eto? (LCS:156)

[so, how about the land that has been survey with Bdr]

They often (Sasak community) switch own word [gitaq/perisaq] into English (survey) just for prestige and awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on (86) where, codeswitching above occur in trilingual whereas, all words are belong to Base Sasak except word terus which is belong to Bahasa Indonesia, and the word survey is belong to English.

87) 

e.g.

Hidden /'hІdn/ [buniq]

mbe eaq→ check →juluq. Edaq- edaq laguq mum→ hidden →jagaq ini (LCS:237)

[let me check. You can say nothing but maybe you have to hidden it]

They often (Sasak community) switched word [buniq] into English (hidden) just for prestige and awakening humor, as codeswitching occur on (87) where, codeswitching above occur in bilingual whereas, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except the word check and hidden  is belong to English.

88) 

e.g.

Drink /drІŋk/ [ngenem]

maeh melet te-  →drink →idapn yaq (LCS:262)

[take me please , I want to drink]

They often (Sasak community) switch own word [ngenem] into English (drink) just for prestige and awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on (88) whereas, codeswitching above occur in bilingual whereas, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except the word drink  is belong to English and it also occur depend on speech event.

89) 

e.g.

Understand  /ְΛndә'stænd/  [naon]

oh….understand →nani keqn. ye kenem iku Rw hehehe? (LCS:269)

[oh… I understand it now. that you means Rw?]

They often (Sasak community) switch own word [naon] into English (understand) just for prestige and awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on (89) whereas, codeswitching above occur in bilingual where, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except the word understand  is belong to English and it also occur depend on speech event.

90) 

e.g.

Complain /kәmpleІn/ [ngerotong/ ngeromon]

anuq girang→ complain →saq kancenen eto (LCS:354)

[her couple is often complain]

They often (Sasak community) switched own word [ngerotong/ ngeromon] into English (complain) just for prestige and awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on (90) where, codeswitching above occur in bilingual whereas, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except the word complain  is belong to English and it also occurs depend on speech event.

3. Adjective

91) 

e.g.

Slow /slәυ/ [adeng]

oneq keq nyekenaq aku puqn. Oleqkh leq Mataram, →slow  →bae tankh bemontor muq araq→ tourist →lampaq bae to rembitan ken onas tanaq saaq tegauq eto. Ngeraos-raoskah muq ean leq Kuta unin. melen temetakh→ home stay saq→ paling →muraqn unin. (LCS:31)

[I’m got lucky for today sir. On the way after I return from Mataram I meet with a tourist walking at Rambitan. After I have to chat with him, he ask me to looking for the cheaper home stay]

All of words on (91) are belong to Base Sasak except words paling is belong to Bahasa Indonesia, and words slow, tourist, and home stay is belong to English because codeswitching occur on above is occur in trilingual. While, the word bodyguard (E) often used by them (Sasak community) to express language skill to other participants in the conversation and it also for awakening humor to each other.

92) 

e.g.

Crazy /'kreIzi/ [jogang]

Aoq, jah te maraq dengan→ crazy →tanen (LCS:40)

[yes, don’t be seen as crazy man]

They often (Sasak community) switched own word [jogang] into English (crazy) just for prestige and awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on (92) whereas, codeswitching above occur in bilingual whereas, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except the word crazy  is belong to English and it also occur depend on speech event.

93) 

e.g.

Refreshing /rI'fre∫Iŋ/ [berenges]

edaq! nyekeq→ refreshing →bae ini.(LCS:187)

[nothing. Just for refreshing. By the way have you met with the girl that I have been given you her phone number?]

They often (Sasak community) switched own word [berenges] into English (refreshing) just for prestige and awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on (93) where, codeswitching above occur in bilingual whereas, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except the word refreshing  is belong to English and it also occur depend on speech event.

94) 

e.g.

Beautiful /'bju:tІfl/ [solah]

beautiful sih→ beautiful →laguq→ body-n →yaq taoq →masalah-n (LCS:188)

[she is beautiful but the problem is her body’s]

They often (Sasak community) switched own word [solah] into English (beautiful) just for prestige, to show language skill and awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on (94) where, codeswitching above occur in trilingual whereas, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except word  masalah-n is belong to Bahasa Indonesia, and words beautiful and body-n belong to English and it also occurs depend on speech event. The Sasak suffix (-n) which tagged both words masalah (I) becomes masalah-n and body (E) becomes body-n is indicate for subject marker (s.m).

95) 

e.g.

Hungry /'hΛŋgri/ [lapah]

iye gawen ke- →hungry →idapth ini mento. (LCS:199)

[that’s why I  fell hungry]

They often (Sasak community) switched own word [lapah] into English (hungry) just for prestige, to show their language skill and awakening humor, as codeswitching on (95) whereas, codeswitching above occur in bilingual whereas, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except the word hungry is belong to English and it also occur depend on speech event. The Sasak prefix (ke-) which tagged in word hungry (E) becomes ke-hungry is indicated subject marker (s.m).

96) 

e.g.

Impossible /Іm'pסsәbl/ [edaq tadah]

lasing →ndemwah tegal penting,→ impossible →maq tao (LCS:215)

[it impossible for you to play Penting because you never do it]

They often (Sasak community) switched own word [edaq tadah] into English (impossible) just for prestige, to show language skill and awakening humor, as codeswitching on (96) where, codeswitching above occurred in trilingual whereas, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except word lasing is belong to Bahasa Indonesia (I) impossible is belong to English and it also occurs depend on speech event.

97) 

e.g.

Stupid /'stju:pId/ [bongoh]

mento tan dengan, jahte saq→ stupid →laloqn (LCS:242)

[that’s good, don’t be stupid man]

They often (Sasak community) switched own word [bongoh] into English (stupid) just for prestige, to show their language skill and awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on (97) where, codeswitching above occur in bilingual whereas, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except the word stupid is belong to English and it also occur depend on speech event.

98) 

e.g.

Stress /stres/ ‘beseng’

iku→ brother →nyeken→ stress(LCS:289)

[he is brother, he feel stress now]

They often (Sasak community) switched own word [beseng] into English (stress) just for prestige, to show language skill and awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on (98) where, codeswitching above occur in bilingual whereas, all words are belong to Base Sasak except words brother and stress are belong to English and it also occur depend on speech event.

4. Adverb

99) 

e.g.

Two Day  / tu: deI/ [due jelo]

aoq….lampaq→ two day →unin baruq laguq tebajah setenge ketuanen bae lasing (LCS:62)

[it’s rent for two days and he already get half its pay for, please ask him if you did not believe me]

They often (Sasak community) switched their own word [due jelo] into English (two day) just for prestige, to show language skill and awakening humor, as code switching occurred on (99) whereas, codeswitching above occur in bilingual whereas, all words above belong to Base Sasak except word two day  belong to English and it also occur depend on speech event.

100)       

e.g.

Maybe /'meІbi/ [badeq/ saget]

maybe →sengaq baruq nyekeq leq ini wahntaq setenge solas kenengkh (LCS:196)

[maybe, because when I came  here, it is half to eleven]

They often (Sasak community) switched own word [saget/ badeq] into English (maybe) just for prestige, to show language skill and awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on (100) whereas, codeswitching above occur in bilingual where, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except word maybe is belong to English and it also occur depend on speech event.

101)       

e.g.

Full  /fυl/ [penoq]

full ®kamar-en ®iku ye? (LCS:341)

[is the overall rooms full, right?]

They often (Sasak community) switched own word [penoq] into English (full) just for prestige, to show language skill and awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on (101) where, codeswitching above occur in trilingual whereas, all words above are belong to Base Sasak except word kamar is belong to Bahasa Indonesia, and the word full is belong to English and it also occur depend on speech event.

5. Numeral

102)       

e.g.

Five Thousand  /faІv 'θaυznd /[lime iyu]

aoq ye…→keasyikan    ngobrol  lasing. →Aiq    telu    ribu            kance

yes  right   absorption  chating    because    water  three  thousand   with     

jaje        due   ribu          jari               selapuqn → five thousand(LCS:271)

snack     two  thousand  so (become)  all together

[o… yes, it so fun in chat. There are three thousand for water and two thousand for cake it total is five thousand, boss]

They often (Sasak community) switched own word (Base Sasak) in numeral form to other languages such as English (E) or Bahasa Indonesia (I) for prestige, to show their language skill and for awakening humor, as codeswitching occurred on (102) where, it also occurs depend on speech event.

4.2.  The Factors Contribute to the Use of Codeswitching

Codeswitching among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok occurs because of several factor that contributing to use it. (see also: Apple, 1987 & Saville-Troike, 1989). As the data gathered found that several factors such as;   

      

4.2.1.      Opponent of Speak (Speaking Partner)

Generally, every speaker wants to share the language that he or she mastered to their speaking partner in bilinguals or multilingual. In order to in conversation more communicative. In addition, by this event codeswitching occurred. They motivated to use codeswitching influenced by their speaking paertners. It also occurs among the Sasak community at Kuta, Cetral Lombok.    

I    : ngandot lalokh jagaqn. →by the way, I’m forget to bring that book.

[maybe, it’s  because  I’m so sleepy. By the way, I’m forget to bring that book]

K  : it doesn’t matter brother, just make it simple.  →lemaq klemaq

aneh aku baetn

[it doesn’t matter brother, just make it simple. I will take it tomorrow morning]

(see; LCS:18-19/C1:21-22 {appendix: 1 & 2})

In conversation above show that, K responds I in switched own language into English, in order to it more communicative, see also data on (8&9).

4.2.2.       Attending Third Speaker

The attending of third speaker also motivated them to use codeswitching. It occurs when conversation occurs with their community and at the time, the third speaker (participants) is attending. Whereas, although they used first language in conversation before the third speaker appearance. However, when the third speaker attend they switched it into other language in order to the third speaker can join the conversation; it can be seen on data (103) below. They have to done it because they want to show that their respect to the third speaker.   

103)        K         : mbe eleq owner bungalow sini?

[where is the owner of this bungalow’s come from?]

Mnh     : Swis,…eleqn….

[she come from Swiss]

K         : o….saq eto anak owner-en

[o…that is the owner ‘s son, right]

Mnh     : ye wah anak owner-en iku… anuq nini taoqn beleq iku,

laeq ken Novotel doang taoqn madiq ---------------------------

[yes, he was living here for long time. He always stayed at Novotel before]

------------Tourist (T2) coming and take motor bike near them take site -----

Mnh     : hallo brother, where are you going?

T2        : hallo, I don’t know yet,

just take it out may be Are Guling hehehe..

----------T2 disturb a dog near them take sit------------------

T2        : hi….

Mnh     : hahaha….

T2        : very tired hehehe…

Mnh     : sleepy maybe..

T2        : yes…

-------T2 leave them--------

K         : pire jari karyawan-en gawenen bungalow sini

[how many staff at this bungalow]

Mnh     : begaq….

[there many]

 (see; LCS:355-357/C10:65-77{appendix: 1 & 2})

4.2.3.       Topic

In every speech events among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok codeswitching might be occur, however it also depend on the topic that they are going to be discuss. It does can be from formal into informal speech events. Based on the data gathered the researcher found that, it occurs in every speech events, however it mostly and usually occurred especially when they discussed about tourism as in (see, appendix 2. C1:48-83). Hence, codeswitching occurs depend on topic discussions.

4.2.4.       Awakening Humor

They (the Sasak community) also motivated to use codeswitching for awakening humors to their community to each others. Whereas, when they want to puns, make some jokes and others they often used codeswitching, as conversation below;

104)            AG  : gemasm jajahkh neh. Makaq-makqn muq pade kance saq to bale

[you are lie me. She is same as my wife]

G     : kembeq mento kan lumayan

[why, it is faily]

AG  : beautiful →sih →beautiful →laguq→ body-n

→yaq taoq →masalah-n

[she is beautiful but the problem is her body’s]

K     : kembeq→ body-n →mento?

[what’s wrong with her body?]

AG  : maraq→ body-n →gajah. mulem jadik pade

[look like elephant’s body, you are wily]

G     : aden ndeq sudangkh te jajah wkwkwkw

[in order to, we are the same]

K     : jah kene pade tan. Ndeq mele→ ikut campur →ken saq ini keqn.

pantesan jenang→ sibuk →ruen batur uwiq,→ ternyata hahahaha

[don’t you say all of you. I’m not in this position. Actually, that’s why you look so busy yesterday]  

AG  : gare-gare G →doang ini, mumpung →araq

→ kesempatan →angankh..

[it is because of G. I think because it is a chance for me in order to I do it]

K     : ye baum  saq→ playboy →laloqn wah iku hahaha

[that’s the effect of playboy man]

(see; LCS:188-191/ C5:32-40{appendix: 1 & 2})

The conversation above (104) shows that, the participants used codeswitching to make some jokes. Hence, the factors that contribute to use code switching are for awakening humor. 

4.2.5.       Just for Prestige

According to data gathered, the researcher found that Most of them (Sasak community) are deliberated to used codeswitching in daily interactions just for prestige, as found in the data gathered. It occurred because situational factors, opponent speak (speaking partner), and others. When they used it for prestige, in order to other people giving exalt and respect to them, which is the main reason why they often used codeswitching, although they not require in use it at the speech events.

105)        Anp: anuq kenengkh yaq→ boss.→ piranem

eaq payu→ dialogue→ montor eto unin Snp baruq.

[the aim I come here is, I want to ask you when do you will

dialogue about the motor bike that is Snp said, boss]

A Oj : angkaq eat ngantih unin Kadus juluq jage

[we are still for Kadus decision]

Anp  : meriaq keq unin Snp lamun

bau keqn →as soon as possible →aden aru→ clear →uninen.

[Snp said it as soon as possible in order to its clear soon]

A Oj  : aku masih →ye angenkh.

Laguq ye →hasil →meeting →seto piran

[yes, I am too. But it’s the convention of our meeting before]

I        : piranaq kruan mento unin Kadus?

[when it clear from  Kadus?]

K       : kembeq mento montor eto?

[what’s the motor bike problems?]

Anp    : araq→ trouble →sekediq uwiq.

[there have something trouble yesterday]

A Oj   : susah pacu keqn gare-gare montor seto

[I feel stress because of that motor bike]

K        : o.. mento

[o that is the problem]

Anp    : ye saq aran irup wah. →Sometimes lucky sometimes →susah.

[that is a life. Sometimes lucky sometimes sad]

(see; LCS:327-331/ C9:49-58{appendix: 1 & 2})     

4.2.6.       Situation

Generally, most of codeswitching occurs because of situational factor whereas the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok also motivated to use codeswitching because situation and condition that enables to use it. However, codeswitching most occurs in informal situation or speech event than formal situation although code switching occurs in both of them.

In formal situation (speech event) codeswitching is seldom occurring. It is different than in informal situation whereas, it very potentials to use it. According to data gathered, the researcher found that codeswitching occurs among the Sasak community at Kuta, Central Lombok often used in informal situation. Because of situation and condition in this place enable to use codeswitching, in order to most of them used it. (see also: Apple, 1987 & Saville-Troike, 1989).

They (The Sasak community) switchover their first language to other languages because of situation whereas in this case the appearance of other participants. As the data below;

106)        Mnh     : hello sir, how are you?

T1        : fine, thank you and you?

Mnh     : fine too, are you go for surfing now?

T1        : no, I leave for today

K         : how long you stay here

T1        : it is about two weeks

Mnh     : two weeks

T1        : yes, two weeks 

(see also, appendix 2 in C10:1-8)

The data above (106) occurs between Sasak community (Mnh and K) when they has take sit at a Brugaq in a Bungalow, there is a tourist (T1) through near them. The Sasak speaker (Mnh) say hello to the tourist (T1) using English (E), where those tourist is using English as native language and the tourist also cannot speech Base Sasak (S) in order to the conversation among them are in english only.

In this case, the Sasak community (Mnh & K) which are using Base Sasak (S) as their first language is switch and follow the guest (T1) language. However, the situation of speech event here, different from when T1 leaved them.

107)        K    : (S) eaqn   oleq        nani ® (E) tourist ®(S) seto? (LCS:334/C10:9)

                     Will    go home    now                           that

[is that tourist will check out now?]

Mnh: aoq..muk paran ndeqnaq aru      oleq          aku (C10:10)

       Yes   suppose     not        quick  go home     I

[yes, I think they will stay here for long time]

As the data above (107) different as the data (106) above, whereas in the data (106) the conversation between Sasak community (Mnh & K) and T1 (guest) in English. However, when T1 leaved, they switch into their first language. Although, in data (107) occurred Sasak-English codeswitching in form of noun (N). Where, the words eaqn [will], oleq [go home], nani [now], and seto [that] are belong to Base Sasak (S) and the word tourist is belong to English (E). While the word tourist in this case is noun form, that is why called intra sentential for noun (N).